The Political and Relation with Egypt and Palestine

Introduction
All countries in the worlds are depending between on same other. Every country can’t be alone and has to hold the relationship among other the nations whether in the field social, economy or political. These relationships are determined by foreign policy of a country. The foreign policy country can be understood as a guideline to all actions that will be taken by this country when it in contact with other countries. This country’s foreign policy influenced various factors, for example history factor, political, economic and others.
During 2010, Muslim world watched many significant of development in politics that it gives effect profoundest to regional political. From Palestine issue that never finished to strong reaction to Muslims during attack incident anniversary September 11, 2010 in United States. The related issue to Islamic people and Muslim world can became between the main discourses during year 2010. Unfortunately, most discourse will still on under the terrorism topic. The country such as Turkey, Pakistan and Yemen fill up in their international relationship with the top news result of activities. Turkey is the focus, following the diplomacy effort and the foreign policy, that involving the relief mission to Gaza, Palestinian and diplomatic effort manage the Iran nuclear negotiations.
Like unrest issues, violence and oppression that occurred on Palestinian earth is a crime that it is so terrible in history of modern human civilization, even slaughtering and murder that are carried out with full cruelty continue to intensify, it’s like the world provide this event occurring at Palestinian earth. Like that has already known, Egypt also being unrest experience that are influenced by people’s awakening in Tunisia. The crisis that struck the Kinaanah Earth has already reached level ‘orange alert’ and it is expected to reach the phase ‘red alert’ soon street the demonstration result and violence that uncontrolled. Due to this, it’s explain that this Islamic world politics major issue had to explained the political proceeding that involving the Islamic State and giving deep effect on regional political and global.


A History of Egypt
In many respects Egypt has long appeared to the scholar, the antiquary, and the philosopher, the most interesting country on the face of the earth. Relatively to the various tribes who, at successive eras, have founded states westward of the Black Sea and the Syrian Desert, it has with justice been regarded as the cradle of science, as well as the first seat of regular government. Even the polished nations of modern Europe are accustomed to ascribe the rudiments of their literature and arts to the ingenious people who, at a period beyond the records of civil history, occupied the banks of the Nile. The land of the Pharaohs, in truth, was an old country in the infant age of Greece. There is nothing more remarkable in the history of Egypt than that the same people who distinguished themselves by an early progress in civilization, and who erected works which have survived the conquests of Persia, the triumphs of Roman art, and all the architectural labors of Christianity, should have degraded their fine genius by the worship of four footed beasts, and even of disgusting reptiles. The world does not present a more humbling contrast between the natural powers of intellect and debasing effect of superstition. Among the Jews, on the other hand,- a people much less elevated by science and mechanical knowledge,- we find a sublime system of theology, and a ritual which, if not strictly entitled to the appellation of a reasonable service, was yet comparatively pure in its ordinances, and still farther refined by a lofty and spiritual import. It has been said of the Hebrews, that they were men in religion and children in everything else. This observation may be reversed in the case of the Egyptians; for, while in the greater number of those pursuits which give dignity to the human mind, and perpetuate the glories of civilized life, they made a progress which set all rivalry at defiance, - in their notions and adoration of the invisible powers who preside over the destinies of man, they manifested the imbecility, the ignorance, and the credulity of childhood. In connation with these reflections, it may not be unreasonable to express a hope, that the study of hieroglyphics will, one day so far dispel the darkness which hangs over the annals and chronology of Egypt, as to enable the historian to ascertain at last the order of events and the succession of monarchs . The following table exhibits a succinct view of the territorial distribution of Egypt as recognized by modern geographers, and the actual government of the country :-

I- THE SAID OR UPPER EGYPT.
1. Province of Thebes.
2. Province of Djirgih.
3. Province of Siout.

II- THE VOSTANI OR MIDDLE EGYPT.
1. Province of Fayoum.
2. Province of Beni Souef.
3. Province of Minieh.

III- THE BAHARIA OR LOWER EGYPT.
1. Province of Bahireh.
2. Province of Rosetta.
3. Province of Damietta.
4. Province of Gharbiyeh.
5. Province of Menouf.
6. Province of Mansoura.
7. Province of Sharkeyeh.


Political of Egypt since 1900
The political of Egypt as we know there are several things shows that the Egypt of the Islamic Association before the 1900. After the war, cotton returned to the world market. Food crops were replaced by cotton and fortunes were made. However, no food was grown and people were starving. The politics between the British and the Egyptians were getting worse. In 1922 Egypt was allowed sovereignty and Fuad became king. In the next 18 months, seventeen British officials were killed and twenty more were attacked in broad daylight. In 1936 the Anglo-Egyptian treaty was signed which gave Egypt a little bit of independence although superficially. In 1937, the Tribunaux Mixtes, which were the foreign courts, were done away with. The Egyptians still were not satisfied. The British were still in occupation, controlled most of the economic life and still controlled the canal. The reason that the British would not give up its hold completely was the cotton, the land and the link to India.
Since 1900, the Egyptian politics was beginning with the Protectorate by the British Domination (1882-1922) and the British Occupation and establishment of the protectorate resulted in the further separation of Egypt from the Ottomans Empire that’s conquered Egypt as well as much of the Mid-East and North Africa (16th century). Then, after the Protectorate by the British Domination (1882-1922) and British Mandate (1912–1922), in 1922 also the Egyptian Political was changed by performing with the Egyptian Kingdom or British Military Presence (1922-1952). And then the event that’s happening in Egypt the time was Egyptian Revolution. And continue with Republic of Egypt since by (1953-1958) and then was established United Arab Republic in (1958–1961). So, after changing at all and until now the Egyptian was firm their confirmation that’s the Arab Republic of Egypt was their name of the country and was it until now.

Saad Zaghlul was an Egyptian Politician and he served as a Prime Minister of Egypt from January 26, 1924 to November 24, 1924 and Zaghlul becomes Prime minister after that Wafd wins 90% of the parliament seats in elections. Zaghlul experiences that not even he is able to stop demonstrations and riots among Egyptians. November 1924: After that the British commander in chief over the Egyptian army is killed, Zaghlul is forced to leave office. Furthermore, 1926 Zaghlul becomes president of the parliament, and from this position he is able to control the actions of extreme nationalists and 1927 August 23 Zaghlul dies in Cairo.

Mustafa el-Nahhas Pasha He served as Prime Minister of Egypt in 1928, 1930, between 1936 and 1937, from 1942 until 1944, and finally between 1950 and 1952. Nahhas married a much younger wife, Zeinab el-Wekil, who was more than 30 years younger than he was. His wife was said to have great influence on him, and is alleged to have played a big role in spoiling the friendship between Mustafa el-Nahhas and Makram Ebeid.
He also helped found the Arab League in 1944. He was prime minister for only a few months in 1928 after clashing with the king over his desire to strictly limit royal power. When the Great Palestinian Revolt of 1936-1939 started el-Nahhas helped to found the Arab Higher Committee to uphold the rights of the Palestinian people. He was one of the signers of the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936, but in 1951 he denounced it. This led to anti-British riots, which led to his dismissal as Prime Minister in January, 1952.
Preceded by
Abdel Khaliq Sarwat Pasha
Prime Minister of Egypt
1928 Succeeded by
Muhammad Mahmoud Pasha

Preceded by
Adli Yakan Pasha
Prime Minister of Egypt
1930 Succeeded by
Ismail Sidqi Pasha

Preceded by
Ali Maher Pasha
Prime Minister of Egypt
1936–1937 Succeeded by
Muhammad Mahmoud Pasha

Preceded by
Hussein Sirri Pasha
Prime Minister of Egypt
1942–1944 Succeeded by
Ahmad Maher Pasha

Preceded by
Hussein Sirri Pasha
Prime Minister of Egypt
1950–1952 Succeeded by
Ali Maher Pasha



Muhammad Najib or his full name was Mohamed Najib Yusuf Qotp Elkashlan. He was the first president in Egypt after the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, which ended the rule of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty in Egypt and Sudan. Started Serving from the declaration of the Republic on June 18, 1953 to November 14, 1954. Be a Prime Minister after the Ali Maher Government and have resigned on 17 September 1952. From at this moment, Najib was appointed Prime Minister of Ali Maher. On June 18, 1953, almost 11 months after the revolution, Najib declared the end of the Egyptian and Sudanese monarchy and the establishment of the Republic of Egypt.


Preceded by
Fuad II
as King of Egypt and the Sudan
Head of state of Egypt
1953–1954 Vacant
Monarchy abolished

New title
Republic proclaimed
President of Egypt
1953–1954 Succeeded by
Jamal Abdel Nasser

Preceded by
Ali Maher
Prime Minister of Egypt
1952-1954 Succeeded by
Jamal Abdel Nasser



Then, Jamal Abdel Nasser Hussein who was the second president after Muhammad Najib of Egypt from 23 June 1956 until his death 28 September 1970. In February 1954, army units loyal to Nasser kidnapped Najib and announced that he had been relieved of all his posts. The RCC then "joyfully... proclaimed Nasser as Prime Minister". In October 1954 Nasser was the subject of an assassination attempt said to have been organized by the Muslim Brethren. The Brethren had helped the officers come to power and had expected a share in the government of the country. But once in power the officers saw no need to associate the Brethren with their government, especially since the Brethren possessed a massive, popular power base, and the officers had no power base as yet. Nasser must have known that, were the Brethren to be associated with government, they would acquire the potential to displace him and he may therefore have sought to discredit them. In any event the society was discredited by that act, was proscribed and went underground, although a few years later it was to surface once again and to become as powerful as it had been. Nasser however was never again challenged . Soon after, large numbers of citizens joined protests demanding that Najib be reinstated.

Furthermore, the political parties have been part of the rapid multiplying of Arab civil organizations in the last two decades. While some well-established parties, predating independence, have continued despite autocratic governance (for example, the istiqlal in Morocco, and the Umma and Ittihadi in Sudan), most other parties did not survive the populist phase in Arab politics. But with widening margins of freedom some old political parties have resurfaced since the late 1970s (for example, the Wafd and Young Egypt Socialist Parties in Egypt). More importantly, however, has been mushrooming of new parties, as soon as the political scene liberalized- for example, there are now forty six parties in Algeria, forty three in Yemen, twenty three in Jordan, nineteen in Morocco, thirteen in Egypt, eleven in Tunisia, and six in Mauritania. The quantum leap in the number of Arab civil organizations, however, should not imply that they are all effective. In fact the majority, including many of the new political parties, are too small to be significant in the public life of their countries. Egypt is a typical case in point. Claiming about one-third of the estimated seventy thousand Arab civil associations, most of Egypt’s twenty thousand NGO’s are not active or only moderately so. According to a recent field study only about 40 percent of Egypt’s NGOs were judged as active and effective. In the same applies to Arab political parties. Recent parliamentary elections in Yemen (April 1993) and Morocco (June 1993) revealed the political insignificance of most parties in building or attracting constituencies of any size. Only seven of Yemen’s forty three political parties won seats; and only three captured more than 80 percent of those seats and in Morocco, out of the nineteen parties in existence only nine scored any success; with four of them capturing 75 percent of the contested seats .

Then, Muhammad Anwar Al Sadat was the third president of Egypt serving from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981. He was a senior member of the Free Officers group that overthrew the Muhammad Ali Dynasty in the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, and a close confidant of President Jamal Abdel Nasser, whom he succeeded as President in 1970. On 6 October 1981 Sadat was assassinated during the annual victory parade held in Cairo to celebrate Egypt's crossing of the Suez Canal. In addition to Sadat, eleven others were killed, including the Cuban ambassador, an Omani general, and a Coptic Orthodox bishop. Twenty-eight were wounded, including Vice President Hosni Mubarak, Irish Defence Minister James Tully, and four US military liaison officers. The assassination squad was led by Lieutenant Khalid Islambouli after a fatwa approving the assassination had been obtained from Omar Abdel-Rahman. Islambouli was tried, found guilty, sentenced to death, and executed in April 1982.

Then, Hosni Mubarak or his full name Muhammad Hosni Sayyid Mubarak who was served as the fourth President of Egypt from 1981 to 2011. Mubarak was ousted after 18 days of demonstrations during the 2011 Egyptian revolution. On 11 February, Vice President Omar Suleiman announced that Mubarak had resigned as president and transferred authority to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces. The result is the Resignation of President Hosni Mubarak, and the military controlling the Egyptian government and military promising a civilian government and the lift of the emergency law. Arrests of former ministers and their trial freezing of the Ex-President Mubarak's assets as well as his family's Ongoing. And a constitutional referendum was held in Egypt on 19 March 2011, following the 2011 Egyptian revolution. More than 14 million (77%) were in favour, while around 4 million (23%) opposed the changes; 41% of 45 million eligible voters turned out to vote. Then, a parliamentary election is planned within the next six months, with groups already working to create new political parties, promote candidates and increase turnout among their supporters.
Then, Gamal Mubarak is the younger of the two sons of ousted Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. There is no doubt that various strategy or the political elite will resist any reform that puts their interests at risk, but despite this obvious dilemma for Gamal Mubarak, a question hangs over the extent to which he and his liberal associates are driven by a strong desire to implement bold political reforms and to meet the political elite head on when it resists change. The pro-Gamalists in the Egyptian cabinet are focused on pursuing a liberal economic strategy involving liberalisation and privatisation, and this, rather than talk of political reform, has informed their discourse. It seems that Gamal’s presidency will be dominated more by an economic than a political agenda; given his believe that economic change is central to political development. There is thus unlikely to be a substantial drive by him and his associates to introduce bold political reforms. To exemplify this point, the rise of liberals in Jordanians politics has been significant since King Abdullah took over in 1999, and this has resulted in a discourse centring on economic liberalisation, with discussions on political reform effectively marginalised. There has been increasing centralisation of political power in the hands of King Abdullah, resulting in liberal politicians being referred to as ‘liberal authoritarians’ (Ryan, 2005; Schwedler, 2002). Meanwhile, the status of Jordanian security forces has increased; leaving no doubt that the role even of liberal politicians is set by the Jordanian monarchy .



A History of Palestine
Through this history of Palestine these explain that’s the length of conflict which these district to become a seizure to followers of divine religions because to have these will influence to all over the world, for example argument of Sultanate Salahuddin al- Ayyubi. In their history the Rome has conducting these districts in the year since 70 and finally become a superpower in the world until Saidina Umar al-Khattab times. Since the time of Saidina Umar, the Palestine was successfully captured from Christian power under Muslim Commander, Khalid Bin Al- Walid (Maszlee Malik, 2007).
Geographically, the Palestine is district in the region of Middle East which is the history place in the world. In the Quran, the Palestine has been called as Jerusalem or Baitul Maqdis or Holy Land. This country is the place of Holy Land and the religion of Islam, Christian and Jewish. Then it became the centre of the dispute to the nations for thousands of years. At the end of Zionism movement emerged in 1800 that aims to make Palestine as an independent state for Jews with the help of the Kuffar West has been seeking an agreement Balfour in 1917, established the countries Jewish citizens of Israel (1948) in Palestine state. Palestine and all Arab country against the establishment countries Jewish citizens of Israel (1948) in Palestine state through Ikhwanul Muslimin by leadership of Imam Hasan Al- Banna who has sent three Army Forces to defend Palestine. The down falls of West Bank and Gaza Strip into the hands of Israel in the war of Arab Israel (1967) and cause to the conflict of Arab Israel and the Palestine problem unresolved (Maszlee Malik, 2007). The citizen of Palestine was Arab nation who have long lived in Palestine. They have long lived in Palestine although they face colonization succession such as Babylon Empire, Bani Israel, Persian, Rome and Islamic Empire. Historically, they never cast out and become victims of colonial violence. Unfortunately, after Israel colonizes Palestine, they were cast out from Palestine. Then, they escaped to West Bank, Gaza, and other Arab country. Now they were eight million Palestinian exiles and became fugitive. Furthermore, they were 1 million Palestinian live in Gaza. That’s mean more than three-quarters live as fugitive and likewise in West Bank, more than 1.6 millions of Palestinian and 650 000 were fugitive (Ibid) .




Political of Palestine since 1900
Since 1845-1914 the number of Jews in Palestine was small in the early 20th century; it increased from 12,000 in 1845 to nearly 85,000 by 1914. Most people in Palestine were Arabic speaking Muslims and Christians. Support for the Zionist movement came largely from Jews in Europe and America. The British government therefore issued the Balfour Declaration on November 2, 1917. After World War I ended in 1918, Jews began to migrate to Palestine, which was set aside as a British mandate with the approval of the League of Nations in 1922. And then, bring to the Palestinians convened their first National Conference and expressed their opposition to the Balfour Declaration. In 1920- the San Remo Conference granted Britain a mandate over Palestine and two years later Palestine was effectively under British administration, and Sir Herbert Samuel, a declared Zionist, was sent as Britain's first High Commissioner to Palestine. In 1922- A Mandate of Palestine has been started which the Council of the League of Nations issued a Mandate for Palestine. The Mandate was in favour of the establishment for the Jewish people a homeland in Palestine.
After that, 1936 the Palestinians held six months General Strike to protest against the confiscation of land and Jewish immigration and 1937 the Peel Commission has been started. In 1939, the British government published a new White Paper restricting Jewish immigration and offering independence for Palestine within ten years. This was rejected by the Zionists, who then organized terrorist groups and launched a bloody campaign against the British and the Palestinians. The aim was to drive them both out of Palestine and to pave the way for the establishment of the Zionist state. In 1945 the Britain's Palestine Dilemma With World War II over and the Nazi death camps open for the world to see, Zionists redoubled their demands that Britain open its Palestine mandate to unlimited Jewish immigration. In 1947 the Great Britain withdraw & the UN partition plan Exhausted by seven years of war and eager to withdraw from overseas colonial commitments, Great Britain in 1947 decided to leave Palestine and called on the United Nations (UN) to make recommendations. In response, the UN convened its first special session in 1947, and on November 29, 1947, it adopted a plan calling for partition of Palestine into Jewish and Arab states, with Jerusalem as an international zone under UN jurisdiction; the Jewish and Arab states would be joined in an economic union.
In 1948, the First Arab-Israeli War In Palestine, Arab protests against partition erupted in violence, with attacks on Jewish settlements in retaliation to the attacks of Jews terrorist groups to Arab Towns and villages and massacres in hundred against unarmed Palestinian in their homes , that soon led to a full-scale war. The British generally refused to intervene, intent on leaving the country no later than August 15, 1948, the date in the partition plan for termination of the mandate. Israel and her Arab neighbours have fought major wars against each other in 1948-1949, 1956, 1967, 1973, and 1982-2000, 2006, and 2008. In 1964 the PLO established the Palestine Liberation Organization was established. First al-Fatah (PLO) Raid (Dec. 31, 1964) - Yasser Arafat’s al-Fatah faction of the Palestine Liberation Organization conducted its first raid into Israel from Lebanon. 1973: After the Six-Day War of 1967, the West Bank and Gaza are placed under Israeli occupation. The Gaza strip has an area of 365 km with a built- up area of 15 per cent of the total, and a population of approximately 1.2 million, a number which will double by 2015. As the Gaza Governorates Regional Plan (MOPIC 1997) notes, one large core city, Gaza City, contains one third of the entire population and dominates the road network, which runs in a north-south direction. Refugee camps and urban villages dominate the middle region, while small cities and towns characterize both northern and southern extremities .
Israel decides to give the leader of the Brotherhood, Ahmad Yassin, special permission to run social, religious and welfare institutions among Palestinian Muslims. 1983: Yassin is arrested by Israeli occupation authorities for illegal possession of weapons. He is sentenced to long term imprisonment. In 1985: Yassin is released. Due to his conflict with Israel, he experiences a growth in popularity among the Palestinians, and from that point forward the number of brothers grows quickly in 1987: With the beginning of the Intifada, Yassin and 6 other leaders join the protest against Israel's continued occupation of Palestinian territory. The outcome of this politicization is the organization Hamas. The First Intifada (1987–1993) was characterized more by grassroots and non-violent political actions from among the population in the Israeli occupied Palestinian territories. A total of 160 Israelis and 1,100 Palestinians were killed over its five years, which ended with the signing of the Oslo Accords. The strategy of non-violence, though widespread among Palestinians, was not always adhered to, and there were youth who threw Molotov cocktails and stones, with such violence generally directed against Israeli soldiers and settlers. There were two attacks that represented new developments in terms of political violence inside Israel in this period. The first Palestinian suicide attack took place on 6 July 1989 when a member of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad boarded the Tel Aviv Jerusalem bus 405. He walked up to the driver and pulled the wheel to the right, driving the vehicle into an abyss, killing 16 people. The end of the intifada also saw the first use of suicide bombing as a tactic by Palestinian militants. On 16 April 1993, Hamas carried out the Mehola Junction bombing, in which operative Saher Tamam al-Nabulsi detonated his explosives-laden car between two buses. One person, a Palestinian, other than the attacker was killed, and 21 were wounded. There has been relative freedom for Palestine under the Israeli supremacy. The political structures of Palestine are in a process of developing, but as the status of Palestine is far from clear, and will be decided over the following years, many structures have deteriorated in quality be strongly influenced by this.


Conclusion

This case were explained, with giving attention on the crisis issues and rise which occurred in Egypt, Palestine and all over the state Muslims, entailment not just the reformation on the other hand something that more than it. Muslims overall must be rigid were make Islam as a revolution that comprehensive. The revolution that ensures the Islamic not just thinking that behave utopian but it is something that down-to-earth. Islamic made foundation to all the human life problems solution. It just only the real antidote in serve all requirement and human desire.
In this analysis, the obviously lead is features and issues which differ in the political Islam unrest in both areas that are currently will become attention in the world. So, it’s not all the unrest is response to convergence between two civilized conditions, West and Islamic. It not all have a connection with violating global. Hence, the attitude in approach unrest should be the sensitive to situation uniqueness respectively to generate the rightly description.
If tracked the Egypt with West relationship history, the state has not much changed. The convergences between two civilized conditions were caused by the countries internal conflict that continuously. The situation that exists is actually hostility among two proxies that different the culture. The Islamic state internal crisis itself between West pro groups with Islamic pro will not be available to full stop the point. It respectively were consider the ideology, approach and the political practice that they planning to Egypt citizen were most up against something to pure the democracy practices.













References

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2- http://www.palestinehistory.com/history/timeline/time1900.htm.
3- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence.
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